CONNECTICUT  -^^^ 

AGRICULTURAL  EXPERIMENT  STATION 

NEW  HAVEN,  CONN. 


BULLETIN  160,  JUNE,  1908. 


CLOVER  SEED  IN  THE  CONNECTICUT  MARKET. 

By  E.   H.   Jenkins  and  Mary  H.   Jagger. 


CONTENTS.  PAGE 

Weight  of  the  Seed 3 

Vitality 4 

Viability 5 

Purity 5 

Adulteration 5 

Dodder 7 

Sources  of  Clover  Seed to 

What  is  to  be  Done? 11 

Instructions  for  Sampling  Seeds 11 


The  Bulletins  of  this  Station  are  mailed  free  to  citizens  of  Con- 
necticut who  apply  for  them,  and  to  others  as  far  as  the  editions 
permit. 


COSNECTICDT  AGRICULTURAL   EIPERIMENT   STATION, 


BOARD    OF    CONTROL. 
His  Excellency,  Rollin  S.  Woodruff,  Ex  officio,  President. 

Prof.  H.  W.  Conn,  Vice  President Middletown. 

Prof.   W.    H.    Brewer,   Secretary New  Haven. 

B.    W.    Collins Meriden. 

Charles    M.    Jarvis Berlin. 

Frank  H.  Stadtmuller Elmwood. 

J.  H.  Webb Hamden. 

E.  H.  Jenkins,  Director  and  Treasurer New  Haven. 


STATION    STAFF. 

Chemists. 

Analytical  Laboratory. 

John  P.  Street,  M.S.,  Chemist  in  Charge. 

E.  Monroe  Bailey,  M.S.  Harry  R.  Stevens,  B.S. 

C.  B.  Morrison,  B.S.  C.  A.  Brautlecht,  Ph.B. 

Laboratory  for  the  Study  of  Proteids. 
T.  B.  Osborne,  Ph.D.,  Chemist  in  Charge. 

Botanist. 
G.   P.   Clinton,   S.D. 

Entomologist. 
W.  E.  Britton,  Ph.D. 

Assistant  in  Entomology. 
B.  H.  Walden,  B.Agr. 

Forester. 
Austin  F.  Hawes,  M.F. 

Agronomist. 
Edward  M.  East,  Ph.D. 

Seed  Testing. 
Mary  H.  Jagger. 

Stenographers  and  Clerks. 

Miss  V.  E.  Cole. 

Miss  L.  M.  Brautlecht. 

Miss  E.   B.  Whittlesey. 

Miss  C.  A.  Botsfokd. 

In  charge  of  Btiilditigs  and  Grounds. 
William  Vkitch. 

Laboratory   Helper. 
Hugo  Lange. 

Sampling  Agent. 
V.  L.  Churchill,  New  Haven, 


CLOVER  SEED  IN  THE  CONNECTICUT  MARKET. 

By  E.  H.  Jenkins  and  Mary  H.  Jagger.* 

Early  in  the  season  we  called  attention,  in  the  agricultural 
papers,  to  the  poor  quality  of  the  clover  seed  now  in  our  market, 
and  advised  purchasers  to  make  sure  of  the  quality  of  their  seed 
before  buying.  A  number  of  farmers  have  sent  samples  for 
examination  here,  and  the  Station  sampling  agent  has  bought 
clover  seed  where  he  has  found  it,  so  that  in  all  fifty-one  samples 
have  been  received,  examined  and  reported. 

The  figures  which  are  given  below  show  that  three  of  the 
samples  were  adulterated  with  seed  of  a  comparatively  worthless 
plant,  only  ten  of  the  number  were  apparently  free  from  dodder, 
which  is  the  most  dangerous  weed  found  in  clover  and  which  may 
entirely  ruin  the  crop,  and  of  the  samples  free  from  dodder,  two 
had  a  very  low  vitality.  Only  one-sixth  of  the  whole  number 
examined  were  fit  to  use.  The  detailed  results  of  the  tests  are 
given  in  the  table,  pages  12  and  13. 

Weight  of  the  Seed. 

For  a  considerable  number  of  agricultural  seeds  it  has  been 
proved  that,  other  conditions  being  alike,  the  heaviest  seeds  give 
the  strongest  plants  during  early  growth,  and,  excepting  perhaps 
■under  the  most  favorable  conditions,  the  largest  yield.  HellriegeP 
showed  this  with  barley,  other  European  experimenters  with  other 
cereals,  and  Hicks  and  Dabney-  with  peas,  beans,  soy  beans  and 
some  other  seeds. 

Clover  seed  of  average  quality  should  weigh  about  one  and  one- 
half  grams  per  1,000  seeds,  302,000  seeds  to  the  pound.  With  a 
given  number  of  pounds  of  seed  per  acre,  lighter  seed  than 
this  yields,  of  course,  a  larger  number  of  plants,  assuming  that 
they  germinate  equally  well,  but  a  larger  proportion  of  the  plants 
is  likely  to  die  out  or  do  poorly. 


*  The  entire  work  of  the  identification  and  testing  of  seeds  has  been  done 
by  Miss  Jagger.  The  results  have  been  prepared  for  publication  by  the 
Director.  The  methods  followed  have  been  those  adopted  by  the  Associa- 
tion of  Agricultural  Colleges  and  Stations,  Circular  34,  Office  of  Experi- 
ment Stations. 


4  CONNECTICUT    EXPERIMENT    STATION    BULLETIN    l6o. 

The  seed  of  26  of  the  samples  examined  weighed  less  than  the 
above  standard,  that  of  two  samples  weighing  1.27  grams  or  less, 
equal  to  363,000  seeds  per  pound.  On  the  other  hand  two 
weighed  1.92  grams  per  1,000  seeds,  equal  to  236,000  seeds  per 
pound. 

All  else  being  equal,  a  good  catch,  a  satisfactory  stand  and  a 
heavy  crop  are  more  likely  from  a  sowing  of  the  heavy  seed 
than  from  a  sowing  of  the  light,  in  spite  of  the  smaller  number 
of  seeds  in  the  former.  It  is  equivalent  to  43  plants  per  square 
foot,  which  is  five  to  eight  times  as  many  good  plants  as  will  be 
found  when  the  crop  is  cut. 

Vitality. 

The  laboratory  and  greenhouse  tests  show  the  extreme  limit 
of  vitality,  every  seed  being  counted  which  has  life  enough  to 
burst  its  coats  and  throw  out  a  sprout. 

Field  tests,  as  a  rule,  show  that  fewer  seeds  will  produce  plants 
than  will  germinate,  some  seeds  in  almost  any  sample  and  many 
seeds  in  some  having  life  enough  to  start,  but  not  enough  to 
push  through  the  soil  and  assimilate  food  from  outside  the  seed. 
The  figures  given  in  the  table,  therefore,  show  the  vitality  under 
the  very  best  conditions. 

The  seed  laboratory  of  the  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture, 
as  a  provisional  figure,  recommends  85  per  cent,  as  a  minimum 
standard  of  vitality  for  commercial  clover  seed,^  that  is,  85  out 
of  every  100  clover  seeds  should  sprout.  The  Pennsylvania  Board 
of  Agriculture*  found  the  average  vitality  of  33  samples  of  red- 
clover  seed  86.4  per  cent.  (94.3-20.3). 

The  Vermont  Station^  found  the  average  vitality  of  134  samples 
collected  by  the  Station  and  tested  at  the  seed  laboratory  of  the 
U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture  to  be  87  per  cent.  (97.3-75*). 

The  Delaware  Station^  found  the  average  vitality  of  43  samples 
to  be  87  per  cent.  (95-51). 

The  average  vitality  of  the  51  samples  from  our  own  market 
this  spring  is  86.6  per  cent.,  which  is  satisfactory  as  an  average. 

But  20,  or  more  than  one-third  of  the  samples,  fell  below  the 
minimum  named,  85  per  cent.,  and  four  of  them  below  75  per 
cent.,  the  lowest  being  64.2. 


*  Next  lowest  figure,  41.5. 


CLOVER   SEED   IN   THE    CONNECTICUT    MARKET.  5 

Viability. 
The  last  column  of  the  table  gives  the  "Viability"  of  the  seed, 
which  means  the  percentage  (by  weight  of  the  sample)  of  pure 
clover  seed  which  is  capable  of  germination.  It  is  calculated  by 
multiplying  together  the  numbers  which  represent  purity  and 
vitality.  For  example,  if  the  seed  contains  85.5  per  cent,  of 
clover  seed  and  of  this  76.5  per  cent,  sprouts,  the  "viability"  will 
be  85.5  X  .765  or  65.4  per  cent. 

Purity  of  the  Seed. 

The  purity  of  clover  seed  is  perhaps  of  more  importance  than 
either  its  weight  or  its  vitality. 

The  farmer  loses  less  money  by  the  partial  failure  of  a  crop 
of  clover  because  of  light  or  old  seed,  than  he  loses  by  stocking 
his  field  with  long-leaved  plantain,  pig  weed,  foxtail,  sorrel,  dock, 
and  other  weeds  which  come  in  such  clover  seed  as  we  are  getting 
now.  With  most  of  the  seed  sold  here  this  spring  he  also  runs 
the  chance  of  losing  his  crop,  in  part  or  wholly,  by  dodder,  which 
may  stay  in  the  land  as  long  as  clover  grows  on  it. 

The  average  purity  of  the  seed  from  our  market  this  year 
is  90.5  per  cent.,  which  is  7.5  per  cent,  lower  than  the  provisional 
standard  of  the  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture,^  which  is  98 
per  cent.  The  "purity,"  thus  expressed,  means  that  of  100  pounds 
of  the  seed  as  bought  98  pounds  are  clover,  the  rest  being  dirt 
or  foreign  seeds. 

The  kind  and  quantities  of  foreign  seeds  found  in  clover  seed 
may  be  seen  from  the  botanical  analyses  of  five  samples  given  on 
the  next  page.  The  figures  give  the  number  of  seeds  of  each 
species  in  one  pound  of  clover  seed. 

Leaving  out  of  account  the  foreign  clover,  alfalfa  and  timothy 
seed  present,  a  seeding  of  8  pounds  per  acre  of  any  of  these 
samples  would  plant  from  two  to  eight  weed  seeds  on  every 
square  foot  of  land. 

Adulterated  Clover  Seed. 

Three  cases  of  adulteration  are  Nos.  4910,  4856  and  4834. 

The  first  contains  21.2  per  cent.,  the  next  22.6  per  cent.,  and 
the  last  39.1  per  cent,  of  black  medic  (Medicago  lupulina),  a 
legume  growing  in  waste  places  and  of  no  agricultural  value. 


6  CONNECTICUT    EXTERIMENT    STATION    BULLETIN    l6o. 

It  is  not  a  thing  which  is  accidentally  or  unavoidably  harvested 
with  clover,  for  no  samples  other  than  those  named  had  more 
than  a  few  seeds  of  this  plant;  nor  is  it  grown  as  a  crop  in  this 
country,  but  is  imported  from  Germany  in  large  quantity  for  the 
express  purpose  of  use  as  an  adulterant/  and  is  not  very  readily 


Station  No. 


Clover,  white 

"       alsike 

"       birdsfoot 

Alfalfa 

Sweet  clover    

Black  medic 

Timothy 

Foxtail   ( ChcrtochloaJ 

Old  witch  grass 

Bloody  panic 

Filiforme  panic 

Paspalum 

Long-leaved  plantain 

Rugel's  plantain 

Bracted  plantain 

Broad-leaf  plantain 

Curled   dock 

Sorrel 

Bindweed 

Self-heal 

Lamb's  quarters 

Tumble  weed 

Night-flowering  catchfiy. 

Chickweed 

Wild  carrot 

Brassica  sp. 

Chicory 

Rag  weed .- - 

Spiny  sida 

Nightshade 

Picris - 

Unknown 

Field  dodder 

Clover  dodder - 

Other  dodders 

Total  number  of  foreign  seeds 
per  pound - 


4937  !  4933 


565   15,820 
12,204  i  9.492 
565 
565 


2,486 

19,888 

5,085 

339 
226 


3,016 
1,243 


1,582 
3,277 
2,147 
678 
2,034 

16,498 

113 

1,695 


2,260 

339 
1,808 


4934    4935 


791 
6,328 
2,034 
3,390 

1,808 

1,243 

565 

1,808 

1,469 
226 

678 
678 
565 

226 

113 

1,808 
226 
113 

452  j 

452 

226  I 

2,047  1 
226 

1,130 
791 


78,604   54,705 


455 


4936 


3,549 
2,184 

455 
455 

364 
182 
546 

182 


91 

637 
91 


364 
182 


12,458 


1,208 
1,359 


1,456    2,869 


637 

11,627 

546  i 

604 

91 

302 

91 



5-285 

1,510 

1.057 

1,057 

151 

151 
302 
302 


151 
151 


28,237 


8,475 
1.243 

1.695 

452 
2,260 

904 
1,695 


12,769 


226 
1,017 

226 
1,243 
2,147 
1,243 


1,808 
678 


1,469 
4.972 


44,522 


detected  by  the  buyer.  The  adulteration  was  no  doubt  done  by 
the  wholesaler,  who  deceived  thereby  both  the  retail  seedsman  and 
his  patrons. 

The  appearance  of  the  seed  of  black  medic  and  of  red  clover 
seed  is  shown  in  figure  3,  where  both  seeds  are  equally  enlarged 
to  about  four  times  their  natural  size.  Essentially  the  two  are 
alike  in  size,  and  do  not  differ  radically  in  color.     Medic  never 


CLOVER    SEED    IN    THE    CONNECTICUT    MARKET.  7 

has  the  purple  or  violet  color  of  red  clover,  but  the  shape  is  very 
different  and  characteristic.  Clover  has  a  distorted  heart  shape, 
a   roug-hly  triansrular  outline  with   rounded  corners.      Medic  is 


8I^\ 

1 

1 

} 

J 

i 

1,' 

^^^S&^          .^:mm 

5n 

^     ,j 

Figure  i.     Clover  attacked  by  Dodder. 

more  oval  in  shape  and  the  rootlet  of  the  embryo  is  within  a  sharp 
point  near  the  middle  of  the  longer  axis  of  the  seed. 

Dodder. 

Most  of  the  clover  seed  sold  in  the  state  this  spring-  contained 
dodder,  the  weed  most  dangerous  and  destructive  to  the  clover 
crop.    Figure  i  shows  a  clover  plant  attacked  by  this  pest. 


CONNECTICUT    EXPERIMENT    STATION    BULLETIN    l6o. 


# 

^^# 

•  • 

•  • 

%«  ^ 

•  ♦♦ 

Figure  2.     Seed  of  red  clover  (left)  and  of  dodder  (right.) 


Figure  3.     Seeds  of  red  clover  (left)  and  of  black  medic  (right). 


Figure  2  shows  seeds  of  field  dodder  and  clover  equally 
enlarged  to  about  four  times  their  natural  size.  The  dodder  is 
about  the  size  of  small  clover  seed  and  difficult  to  separate  per- 
fectly from  it.  Its  color  is  light  gray,  yellowish  or  light  brown, 
dull,  finely  roughened,  but  not  pitted.  The  seed  may  easily  be 
mistaken  for  rounded  bits  of  soil. 


CLOVER   SEED   IN   THE    CONNECTICUT    MARKET.  9 

The  seed  of  this  weed  germinates  in  the  ground,  sends  up  a 
thread-like  stem,  yellow  or  reddish  in  color,  which  immediately 
attaches  itself  to  its  host  plant.  If  it  finds  no  plant  on  which  it 
can  feed  it  dies,  being  entirely  a  parasite.  Finding  a  suitable 
plant,  it  twines  closely  around  the  stem  or  leaf,  sends  its  sucking 
organs  into  the  tissue  and  lives  on  its  juices,  weakening  or  killing 
the  host.  Its  connection  with  the  ground  soon  ceases,  and  when 
actively  growing  the  stem  may  be  cut  into  any  number  of  pieces, 
each  of  which,  if  attached  to  clover,  will  continue  to  flourish.  It 
flowers  and  produces  abundant  seed,  which  stocks  the  ground  for 
the  next  clover  crop. 

Clover  infested  with  dodder  lodges,  mats  together,  cannot  be 
properly  cured,  and  either  because  of  the  dodder  present  or  the 
moulding  of  the  clover  in  consequence,  has  been  known  to  scour 
cows  when  fed  out  as  hay. 

A  study  of  dodders  with  a .  bibliography  by  Halsted  is  given 
in  N.  J.  Agricultural  Station  Report,  1901,  p.  451. 

Only  two  species  of  dodder  are  common  in  our  clover  seed 
to-day:  the  clover  dodder  {Ctiscufa  epithymum  or  trifolii),  and 
the  field  dodder  (C.  arvensis),  which  is  much  more  common. 
Both  plants  are  now  widely  distributed  in  the  United  States.  The 
former  has  been  introduced  from  Europe,  and  it  is  stated  does 
not  seed  freely  in  this  country.  The  other,  field  dodder,  is  a 
native,  seeds  very  freely  and  is  therefore  the  more  dangerous. 

Several  other  species  of  dodder  occur  on  clover  and  alfalfa, 
but  the  two  named  are  all  that  need  be  considered  here. 

The  Delaware  Station,  in  1889,^  found  dodder  in  5  samples  out 
of  49  examined. 

The  Maine  Station,*^  in  1908,  found  it  in  5  samples  out  of  43. 

The  Vermont  Station,^"  in  1900,  in  74  samples  examined,  makes 
no  report  of  dodder  found. 

In  1893,  the  Iowa  Station^^  examined  84  samples  of  clover, 
grown  in  II  different  states  (the  largest  number  in  Iowa),  and 
found  no  dodder  in  any  of  them.  The  statement  is  made  that 
Cuscuta  epithymum  or  clover  dodder  is  seldom  found  in  the  West. 

In  1902  the  Montana  Station^^  reports  both  the  clover  and 
alfalfa  dodder  as  troublesome  in  two  sections  of  the  state  in 
alfalfa  fields  and  as  much  more  troublesome  further  south. 

Turning  now  to  the  clover  seed  sold  in  Connecticut  this  year, 
there    are    only    ten    samples    in    which    we    have    not    found 


lO  CONNECTICUT    EXPERIMENT    STATION    BULLETIN    l6o. 

seed  of  one  or  more  kinds  of  dodder,  and  four  of  these  samples 
were  so  small  that  a  thorough  test  for  dodder  was  not  possible. 
Where  the  size  of  the  sample  permitted,  40  grams,  or  about  one 
and  a  half  ounces,  were  carefully  picked  over  and  the  dodder  seeds 
counted,  and  calculation  was  made  of  the  number  in  one  pound 
of  clover  seed.  This  calculation  shows  fairly  the  amount  of 
dodder  present. 

In  the  28  samples  tested  in  this  way  all  the  way  from  18  to 
11,615  dodder  seeds  were  found  per  pound  of  clover;  that  is,  on 
a  seeding  of  8  pounds  per  acre  the  smaller  quantity  of  dodder 
would  give  one  seed  to  every  300  square  feet,  the  larger  quantity 
more  than  2  dodder  seeds  to  every  foot  of  land! 

What  amount  of  this  dangerous  parasite  will  germinate  has  not 
yet  been  determined,  but  that  it  is  not  dead  seed  has  been  abund- 
antly shown  by  greenhouse  seedings,  in  which  the  clover  is  being 
destroyed  by  both  the  field  dodder  and  the  clover  dodder. 

The  Sources  of  Our  Cloz'er  Seed. 

In  1900  over  twelve  million  bushels  of  clover  seed  were  pro- 
duced in  the  United  States,  of  which  one-third  was  grown  in 
Indiana,  and  two-thirds  in  the  three  states  of  Indiana,  Ohio  and 
Illinois.  The  other  great  clover-growing  states  are  Pennsylvania, 
Wisconsin,  Michigan,  Missouri,  Kansas  and  Utah,  each  of  which 
supplied  over  35,000  bushels.  The  larger  part  of  this  is  red 
clover.  Certain  weed  seeds,  like  ox-eye  daisy  and  the  long-leaved 
plantain,  cannot  be  entirely  removed  from  clover  by  sieves  or 
fans,  and  are  almost  unavoidably  brought  in  to  some  extent 
even  in  good  clover  seed. 

But  the  source  of  a  large  proportion  of  the  weeds  and  very 
much  of  the  dodder  in  clover  seed  is  the  cheap  and  dirty  seed 
which  is  imported;  part  of  it,  in  all  probability,  with  the  purpose 
of  mixing  it  with  good  domestic  seed,  either  to  make  a  low-priced 
seed,  or  to  increase  the  profits  on  seed  sold  at  regtilar  rates. 

In  1907  more  than  380,000  bushels  of  clover  seed  were  imported 
from  abroad,  a  part  of  it  other  kinds  of  clover,  but  too  much  of  it 
low  grade  red  clover  and  clover  screenings,  full  of  weed  seed 
which  could  not  be  sold  in  any  country  which  had  an  adequate  seed 
control.  The  quality  of  this  imported  low  grade  stuff  is  well 
shown  in  Bureau  of  Plant  Industry,  Bulletin  iii,  part  iii. 
"Argentina  has  a  law  prohibiting  the  importation  of  alfalfa  and 


CLOVER    SEED    IN    THE    CONNECTICUT    MARKET.  II 

clover  seed  containing  the  seed  of  dodder.  Canada  prohibits  the 
sale  within  her  borders  of  seed  containing  weed  seeds,  but  pro- 
vides for  its  export.  Europe  is  effectually  protected  from  the  use 
of  poor  seeds  through  its  seed-control  stations,  but  its  screenings 
are  exported.  It  seems  time  that  the  United  States  had  some 
restriction  on  the  importation  of  seeds  of  such  poor  quality  that 
they  cannot  be  sold  in  other  countries." 

What  are  We  Going  to  do  About  It? 

Begin  now  by  urging  local  seedsmen  to  buy  and  pay  for  only 
such  clover  and  alfalfa  seed  as  the  wholesaler  will  guarantee  to  be 
free  from  dodder,  and  to  have  a  sprouting  power  of  85  per  cent, 
and  purity  of  95  per  cent.  Such  seed  will  cost  more  than  the 
mixed  or  low  grade  seed,  and  will  be  worth  much  more  than  the 
difference. 

Do  not  buy  clover  seed  until  you  have  had  its  vitality  and 
purity  tested  by  the  Station,  and  both  are  found  satisfactory. 
There  is  some  pure  seed  in  the  market,  and  there  will  be  plenty 
of  it  when  inferior  seed  finds  no  buyers. 

Meantime  those  who  have  seeded  land  to  clover  this  spring  are  urged 
to  watch  the  crop  closely  and  send  word  to  this  Station  if  dodder  appears. 
If  it  is  found,  the  clover  on  the  infested  spots  should  be  cut  at  once,  care- 
fully gathered  and  burned  or  buried,  every  thread  of  the  dodder  being 
gathered  up. 

The  Station  will  be  glad  to  have  a  list  of  all  those  who  seeded  with 
clover  last  fall  or  this  spring. 

Instructions  for  Sampling  Seeds. 

In  selecting  a  sample  for  examination  the  greatest  care  should 
be  used  to  have  it  represent  accurately  the  whole  amount  from 
which  it  was  taken.  Carelessness  or  inaccuracy  in  this  particular 
impairs  or  destroys  the  value  of  the  Station  examination. 

1.  Mix  well  together  with  the  hand  and  arm  the  contents  of 
the  package  (bag  or  barrel)  or  packages  of  seed. 

2.  Take  out  five  or  six  small  handfuls  or  cupf uls*  from  various 
parts  of  the  package,  mix  these  carefully  together  and  take  a  part 
of  this  mixture  for  the  sample. 


*  A  small  cup  may  be  closed  with  the  palm  of  the  hand,  forced  down  to 
the  desired  place,  then  filled  and  withdrawn. 


12 


CONNECTICUT    EXPERIMENT    STATION    BULLETIN    l6o. 


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14  CONN)-:CTICUT    EXPERIMENT    STATION    BULLETIN    l6o. 

3.  Send  of  the  smaller  seeds — red  top,  white  clover,  timothy, 
etc.,  at  least  two  (2)  ounces;  of  beets,  turnips,  red  clover,  etc., 
four  (4)  ounces;  of  wheat  and  cereals,  and  of  peas  and  other 
legumes,  eight  (8)  ounces. 

4.  Samples  may  be  sent  by  mail,  so  securely  packed  as  to 
prevent  leakage  or  loss,  prepaid,  plainly  labeled  with  name  and 
address  of  the  sender,  and  addressed  to 

Conn.  Agricultural  Experiment  Station, 

New  Haven,  Conn. 

As  the  test  of  germinating  power  requires  some  time  for  its 
completion,  a  report  on  samples  sent  in  cannot  be  ordinarily 
expected  in  less  than  two  weeks. 

The  examination  of  grass-mixtures  can  only  be  undertaken  in 
special  cases.  It  requires  a  large  outlay  of  time  and  labor  which 
is  not  often  justified  by  the  results. 

Publications  Cihed  in  this  Bulletin. 

1  Grundlagen  des  Ackerbaus,  p.  54. 

2  Yearbook  U.  S.  Dept.  Ag.,  1896,  p.  310. 

3  Ibid,  p.  624. 

4  Penn.  Bd.  Agr.,  Rep.  igoi,  p.  240. 

5  Vt.  Agl.  Sta.,  Rep.  1904,  p.  404. 

6  Del.  Agl.  Sta.,  Bull.  5,  1889. 

7  U.  S.  Dept.  Ag.,  Farmers'  Bull.  260,  p.  7. 

8  Del.  Agl.  Sta.,  Bull.  5,  1889. 

9  Me.  Agl.  Sta.,  Bull.  152. 

ID  Vt.  Agl.  Sta.,  Rep.  1900,  p.  287. 

11  Iowa  Agl.  Sta.,  Bull.  21,  p.  805. 

12  Montana  Agl.  Sta.,  Rep.  1902,  p.  70. 


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Connecticut 

Libraries 


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